User:Raymond/Akkadian
Text copied from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform#Akkadian_cuneiform for testing purposes.
At this stage, the former pictograms were reduced to a high level of abstraction, and were composed of only five basic wedge shapes: horizontal, vertical, two diagonals and the Winkelhaken impressed vertically by the tip of the stylus. The signs exemplary of these basic wedges are
- Aล (B001, U+12038) ๐ธ: horizontal;
- DIล (B748, U+12079) ๐น: vertical;
- GE23, DIล tenรป (B575, U+12039) ๐น: downward diagonal;
- GE22 (B647, U+1203A) ๐บ: upward diagonal;
- U (B661, U+1230B) ๐: the Winkelhaken.
Except for the Winkelhaken which is tail-less, the length of the wedges' tails could vary as required for sign composition.
Syllabary
The tables below show signs used for simple syllables of the form CV or VC. As used for the Sumerian language, the cuneiform script was in principle capable of distinguishing 14 consonants, transliterated as
- b, d, g, แธซ, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, ลก, t, z
as well as four vowel qualities, a, e, i, u. The Akkadian language needed to distinguish its emphatic series, q, แนฃ, แนญ, adopting various "superfluous" Sumerian signs for the purpose (e.g. qe=KIN, qu=KUM, qi=KIN, แนฃa=ZA, แนฃe=Zร, แนญur=DUR etc.Template:Clarify) Hittite as it adopted the Akkadian cuneiform further introduced signs for the glide w, e.g. wa=PI, wi5=GEล TIN) as well as a ligature I.A for ya.
-a | -e | -i | -u | |
a ๐, รก ๐ |
e ๐, |
i ๐ฟ, รญ=Iร ๐ |
u ๐, รบ ๐ | |
b- | ba ๐, |
be=BAD ๐, |
bi ๐, |
bu ๐, |
d- | da ๐, dรก=TA ๐ซ |
de=DI ๐ฒ, dรฉ , |
di ๐ฒ, dรญ=Tร ๐ญ |
du ๐บ, |
g- | ga ๐ต, gรก ๐ท |
ge=GI ๐, |
gi ๐, |
gu ๐, gรบ ๐, |
แธซ- | แธซa ๐ฉ, |
แธซe=แธชI ๐ญ, แธซรฉ=GAN ๐ถ |
แธซi ๐ญ, แธซรญ=GAN ๐ถ |
แธซu ๐ท |
k- | ka ๐
, |
ke=KI ๐ , kรฉ=GI ๐ |
ki ๐ , kรญ=GI ๐ |
ku ๐ช, |
l- | la ๐ท, |
le=LI ๐ท, lรฉ=NI ๐ |
li ๐ท, lรญ=NI ๐ |
lu ๐ป, lรบ ๐ฝ |
m- | ma ๐ , mรก ๐ฃ |
me ๐จ, |
mi ๐ช, |
mu ๐ฌ, mรบ=SAR ๐ฌ |
n- | na ๐พ, |
ne ๐, nรฉ=NI ๐ |
ni ๐, nรญ=IM ๐ |
nu ๐ก, nรบ=Nร ๐ฟ |
p- | pa ๐บ, pรก=BA ๐ |
pe=PI ๐ฟ, pรฉ=BI ๐ |
pi ๐ฟ, |
pu=BU ๐, |
r- | ra ๐, rรก=DU ๐บ |
re=RI ๐, rรฉ=URU ๐ท |
ri ๐, rรญ=URU ๐ท |
ru ๐, |
s- | sa ๐, |
se=SI ๐, sรฉ=ZI ๐ฃ |
si ๐, sรญ=ZI ๐ฃ |
su ๐ข, |
ลก- | ลกa ๐ญ, |
ลกe ๐บ, ลกรฉ , |
ลกi=IGI ๐
, ลกรญ=SI ๐ |
ลกu ๐, |
t- | ta ๐ซ, tรก=DA ๐ |
te ๐ผ, tรฉ=Tร ๐น |
ti ๐พ, |
tu ๐
, |
z- | za ๐, zรก=NA4 ๐๐ |
ze=ZI ๐ฃ, zรฉ=Zร ๐ข |
zi ๐ฃ, |
zu ๐ช, zรบ=KA ๐ |
a- | e- | i- | u- | |
a ๐, รก ๐ |
e ๐, |
i ๐ฟ, รญ=Iร ๐ |
u ๐, รบ ๐ | |
-b | ab ๐, รกb ๐ |
eb=IB ๐
, รฉb=TUM ๐ |
ib ๐
, รญb=TUM ๐ |
ub ๐, รบb=ล ร ๐ |
-d | ad ๐, รกd ๐ |
ed=ร ๐ | id=ร ๐, รญd=A.ENGUR ๐๐ |
ud ๐, รบd=รล ๐พ |
-g | ag ๐, รกg ๐ |
eg=IG ๐
, รฉg=E ๐ |
ig ๐
, รญg=E ๐ |
ug ๐ |
-แธซ | aแธซ ๐ด, รกแธซ=ล Eล ๐ |
eแธซ=Aแธช ๐ด | iแธซ=Aแธช ๐ด | uแธซ=Aแธช ๐ด, รบแธซ ๐ |
-k | ak=AG ๐ | ek=IG ๐ | ik=IG ๐ | uk=UG ๐ |
-l | al ๐ , รกl=ALAM ๐ฉ |
el ๐, รฉl=IL ๐ |
il ๐
, รญl ๐ |
ul , รบl=NU ๐ก |
-m | am ๐ /๐, รกm=รG ๐ |
em=IM ๐ | im ๐
, รญm=KAล 4 ๐ฝ |
um ๐, รบm=UD ๐ |
-n | an ๐ญ | en ๐, รฉn, |
in ๐
, |
un ๐ฆ, |
-p | ap=AB ๐ | ep=IB , รฉp=TUM ๐ |
ip=IB ๐
, รญp=TUM ๐ |
up=UB ๐, รบp=ล ร ๐ |
-r | ar ๐
, รกr=UB ๐ |
er=IR ๐ | ir ๐
, รญp=A.IGI ๐๐ |
ur ๐จ, รบr ๐ซ |
-s | as=AZ ๐ | es=GIล ๐, รฉs=Eล ๐ |
is=GIล ๐, รญs=Eล ๐ |
us=UZ, รบs=Uล ๐ |
-ลก | aลก ๐ธ, รกลก ๐พ |
eลก ๐/๐, รฉลก=ล ร ๐ |
iลก ๐
, รญลก=KASKAL ๐ |
uลก ๐, |
-t | at=AD ๐, รกt=GรR gunรป ๐ |
et=ร ๐ | it=ร ๐ | ut=UD ๐, รบt=รล ๐พ |
-z | az ๐ | ez=GIล ๐, รฉz=Eล ๐ |
iz= GIล ๐, รญz=Iล ๐ |
uz , |